Hey everyone, welcome back to CHapter 3! I’m Rachel Mitchell, here with Jcuneo, and today’s episode is all about how the brain repairs itself, adapts, and helps us make sense of the world. This really builds on what we talked about in our first episode, where we explored the basics of the brain and its chemicals—now we’re taking a closer look at just how flexible the brain can be, especially when things go a little sideways.Yeah, and when we say the brain is flexible, we mean it—literally! We call that plasticity. The brain's plasticity is pretty incredible, and it’s strongest in young children, like before age five. So, just to give you an example: if a kid experiences damage to the left hemisphere of their brain before they turn five, the right side can actually step up and kind of take on those language functions. It's almost like backup software kicking in. But if the same thing happens after age five, there's a much bigger risk for permanent language loss.Right, and a lot of whether the brain can repair itself depends on whether the neurons in that damaged spot are totally wiped out or just kind of...damaged but hanging in there. If they're not totally destroyed, there is actually potential for recovery. There’s this process—the first is called collateral sprouting, where the nearby neurons, the axons, will literally grow new branches to reach out and compensate. I always picture it like a tree expanding its limbs to fill a gap in the forest.Yeah, and then there’s substitution of function. That’s where, say, one chunk of the brain says, “Hey, you’re out, I’ll take over your shift”—another area just sort of jumps into the role of the damaged part. Not perfect, but it’s impressive what the brain can do. Oh, and the third is neurogenesis—people love this one. That's when new neurons are actually generated, but, so far, we've really only documented that happening in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. So, your ability to form new memories, or your sense of smell, that's where the new brain cells are popping in.That reminds me of Megan, actually. Megan was a case I read about—she lost her eyesight after a stroke that damaged part of her occipital lobe. Over a few years, her vision started to come back, a bit blurry, but still, her doctors were amazed. And it turns out her brain basically rewired itself, working around the damaged parts and letting her regain some vision. I even had a student once who, after suffering a brain injury as a little kid, was able to recover her language and speech skills. The right hemisphere just took over and ran with it. Stories like that really drive home just how adaptable our brains can be especially when we’re young.So, speaking of adaptability, let’s talk about how we even get information from the world in the first place: sensation. That’s basically how our sensory organs—like our skin, nose, and ears—detect environmental stuff. For example, you’re walking barefoot in the park, your nose notices the smell of grass, your skin picks up on the breeze, your ears catch the sound of kids laughing. That’s your senses picking up stimuli and sending it to the brain. Simple, right?Yeah, and this process is constant. But here’s where it gets interesting—think about the difference threshold. That’s the tiniest difference your senses can pick up. Like, remember Emily? She’s picking out paint colors for her room, and she can tell the difference between sky blue and midnight blue. That’s the difference threshold in action—the smallest change you can notice. And the wild part is, those thresholds actually get bigger as the basic stimulus gets stronger. So the louder something is, the harder it is to notice small increases in volume.Oh, for sure, and this makes me think about multitasking at work. Like, Ashley, this secretary—she’s typing, talking on the phone, and handing papers to someone all at once. That's a great example of the brain's complexity—it's juggling all these different signals, kinda like conducting an orchestra. It’s not just about taking in data, it’s about pulling together all these inputs at once and organizing them. Which, honestly, the more I teach, the more I realize I’m basically trying to guide a mental orchestra every day. Where was I going with this? Oh yeah—our nervous system is not just a data collector, it’s an integrator too; it makes sense out of chaos.Exactly, and once all that sensory information hits the brain, it’s up to perception to turn that chaos into something meaningful. So, like, if I’m out hiking and suddenly feel a sharp pain on the back of my neck, my brain goes, “Oh, that’s a bee sting!”—it recognizes the pattern of those pain signals and gives it meaning. That’s perception: it organizes and interprets sensory input so we can understand our environment, not just react to it.And then there’s sensory adaptation. This is one of my favorites to talk about in class. Basically, when you're exposed to a constant stimulus, you just, well, stop noticing it after a while. Like, say you walk into a room with a really strong scent. After a few minutes, you hardly notice it. It's not that the smell is gone, your brain just decided, “Eh, not important anymore.”Oh, and that ties right into one of my classroom demos! I have students stick scented stickers on their wrists—grape, mint, whatever. At first, they’re overwhelmed by the smell. But after maybe ten or fifteen minutes, most can’t smell it at all—until I remind them. Then, suddenly, some can notice it again for a second. It’s always fun watching the lightbulbs go off: “Ohhh, that’s adaptation!”It really drives home the point, right? Our brains have to filter out the non-stop, unchanging stuff so we’re not overloaded. Otherwise, we’d never get anything done with all that background noise. Kinda makes you appreciate just how much our brains do behind the scenes, no effort required.Totally. Well, that’s all we’ve got time for today on CHapter 3. We’ve dug into some pretty cool stuff about how our brains repair themselves, how we sense what’s around us, and why sometimes we stop noticing things altogether. Thanks for joining us for another dive into psychobiology!Yeah, thanks everyone. We’ll be back to pick apart even more brain mysteries next time. Rachel, always a pleasure!You too, Jcuneo. And thanks to all our listeners—catch you next time!

Episodes

Brain Plasticity, Sensation, and Perception Explained